Lyrics For The Song Jerusalem

Jerusalem: Deconstructing a National Anthem's Lyrical Power

The song "Jerusalem," with its soaring melody and evocative lyrics, holds a powerful place in the British cultural consciousness. Far beyond a simple hymn, it's a complex tapestry woven from biblical imagery, English history, and a potent sense of national identity. This article delves deep into the lyrics of William Blake's poem, which forms the basis of the song, exploring their historical context, literary devices, and enduring impact on the British psyche. Understanding these lyrics allows us to appreciate the song's multifaceted appeal and its continued relevance in contemporary discussions about national identity and heritage.

Understanding Blake's Vision: A Contextual Look

Before diving into the lyrics themselves, it's crucial to understand the context in which William Blake wrote "And did those feet in ancient time." Written in 1804, it appears in Blake's prophetic book Milton: A Poem in Two Books. This isn't a straightforward patriotic anthem; it's embedded within a complex allegorical work exploring themes of spiritual redemption, artistic creation, and the relationship between humanity and divinity. Blake was a deeply religious, albeit unconventional, figure, and his work is often characterized by its symbolic language and visionary imagery.

The Lyrics: A Line-by-Line Exploration

Let's examine the lyrics of Blake's poem, which serve as the foundation for the commonly sung version of "Jerusalem":

Verse 1:

And did those feet in ancient time Walk upon England's mountains green: And was the holy Lamb of God, On England's pleasant pastures seen!

This opening immediately sets the scene with a powerful question. The "ancient time" reference alludes to the biblical narrative, specifically the ministry of Jesus Christ. The juxtaposition of this sacred figure with the imagery of "England's mountains green" and "pleasant pastures" is striking. Blake is suggesting a profound connection between the divine and the English landscape, imbuing the land itself with a sacred significance. The use of rhetorical questions enhances the dramatic impact, prompting reflection on the implied suggestion of a past visitation.

Verse 2:

And did the Countenance Divine, Shine forth upon our clouded hills? And was Jerusalem builded here, Among these dark Satanic Mills?

The second verse continues this theme of divine visitation, but introduces a stark contrast. The "clouded hills" and "dark Satanic Mills" suggest a more problematic reality, hinting at the industrial revolution and its impact on the English landscape and society. "Jerusalem" here is not just a geographical place; it represents a spiritual ideal, a utopian vision of peace and harmony, contrasting sharply with the harsh realities of industrial England. The juxtaposition of the divine ("Countenance Divine") with the industrial ("Satanic Mills") creates a powerful tension.

Verse 3:

Bring me my Bow of burning gold; Bring me my Arrows of desire; Bring me my Spear: O clouds unfold; Bring me my Chariot of fire!

This verse shifts from contemplative questioning to a call to action. The imagery is potent and deeply symbolic. The "bow of burning gold," "arrows of desire," and "spear" are weapons of spiritual warfare, suggesting a battle against the forces of darkness represented by the "dark Satanic Mills." The "chariot of fire" is a further biblical allusion, invoking the imagery of Elijah's ascent to heaven. This verse calls for a spiritual awakening, a fight for the establishment of Jerusalem, the ideal society, amidst the chaos.

Verse 4:

I will not cease from Mental Fight, Nor shall my Sword sleep in my hand: Till we have built Jerusalem, In England's green and pleasant Land.

The final verse expresses a resolute commitment. The "mental fight" and the "sword" symbolize the ongoing struggle for spiritual and societal transformation. The repetition of "Jerusalem" reinforces the poem's central theme – the establishment of a utopian society. The concluding image of "England's green and pleasant Land" echoes the opening verses, but now the idyllic landscape is envisioned not merely as a backdrop but as the location of this realized utopia, a space redeemed and transformed.

Literary Devices and Their Impact

Blake masterfully employs several literary devices to enhance the poem's impact:

• Rhetorical Questions: The repeated use of rhetorical questions engages the reader actively, encouraging contemplation and introspection.
• Juxtaposition: The contrast between the divine and the earthly, the idyllic and the industrial, creates a powerful tension that highlights the poem's central conflict.
• Symbolism: The poem is rich in symbolism; every image carries multiple layers of meaning. Jerusalem itself is a potent symbol of spiritual fulfillment and social harmony.
• Biblical Allusions: The numerous biblical allusions connect the poem to a larger spiritual tradition, lending it a sense of timeless significance.
• Imagery: The vivid imagery of mountains, pastures, clouds, and chariots creates a memorable and evocative experience for the reader.

Jerusalem in the Context of British National Identity

The adoption of Blake's poem as a quasi-national anthem is a complex issue. While the poem itself isn't explicitly about English patriotism, its powerful imagery and themes of spiritual renewal and social transformation have resonated deeply with the British people. The use of "Jerusalem" in this context has been praised for its inspiration and criticised for its potential association with a selective, even exclusionary, view of British history.

The Music: Parry's Masterful Adaptation

Hubert Parry's musical setting of Blake's poem elevates its power exponentially. The soaring melody, with its dramatic shifts and powerful crescendos, perfectly captures the emotional intensity of the lyrics. Parry's music transforms the poem from a literary work into a powerful anthem, capable of stirring profound emotions in its listeners. The musical adaptation is as crucial to the song’s impact as Blake’s original words.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: Is "Jerusalem" the official national anthem of England or the UK?

A: No, "God Save the King" (or Queen) is the official national anthem of the United Kingdom. "Jerusalem" is considered an unofficial national anthem, widely used at certain events and sporting occasions.

Q: What is the significance of "dark Satanic Mills"?

A: This phrase refers to the industrial factories of the 19th century, symbolizing the negative consequences of industrialization, such as pollution and exploitation of workers. It highlights the contrast between the idealized "Jerusalem" and the harsh realities of Blake's time.

Q: Who composed the music for "Jerusalem"?

A: Hubert Parry composed the music that is most commonly associated with the song.

Q: Why is "Jerusalem" so popular in the UK?

A: Its combination of powerful lyrics, soaring music, and resonant themes of hope, renewal, and national identity makes it a powerful and emotionally evocative piece. It’s become a powerful symbol of English (and some would argue, British) identity and aspirations.

Q: What are the ongoing debates surrounding the use of "Jerusalem"?

A: Debates exist surrounding the song’s association with English nationalism and whether it’s inclusive enough to represent the multicultural nature of modern Britain. Some argue that its focus on a specific historical and geographical context risks alienating certain communities.

Conclusion: An Enduring Legacy

"Jerusalem" remains a powerful and multifaceted piece of art. Its enduring popularity stems from its ability to resonate with audiences on multiple levels – spiritually, emotionally, and nationally. The lyrics, rich in symbolism and biblical allusions, offer a deep exploration of themes that continue to hold relevance in contemporary society. Understanding the historical context, literary devices, and the impact of Parry's musical setting allows us to fully appreciate the depth and complexity of this unofficial anthem, a song that continues to evoke strong feelings and inspire debate even centuries after its creation. While its association with English nationalism is undeniable, its ability to inspire reflection on ideals of peace and social harmony ensures its continued relevance and power within the British cultural landscape. The enduring legacy of "Jerusalem" lies not just in its musical beauty, but in its capacity to continually prompt conversations about national identity, faith, and the pursuit of a better future.